Metal extractants for copper, nickel, cobalt, lithium, scandium, vanadium and rare earth

Copper extractants for acidic leach solutions, dilute pregnant liquors and wash stages in solvent extraction–electrowinning circuits.

Copper circuits are usually specified from the leach liquor composition, copper tenor and transfer target per stage.

Extractants for nickel and cobalt separation from sulphate and chloride liquors, laterite leach solutions and battery recycling streams.

Separation order and pH window depend on the Ni:Co ratio, impurity profile and the downstream sulphate or chloride route.

Reagents for co-extracting nickel, cobalt and manganese in one circuit, used where the downstream product needs a fixed metal ratio.

Co-extraction is specified from the target Ni:Co:Mn ratio, feed concentration and the acceptable magnesium and calcium loading.

Lithium extractants for salt-lake brine, mineral leach solutions and spent battery recycling streams with high sodium and magnesium background.

Lithium reagent selection depends on the sodium, magnesium and calcium background and on the target lithium purity.

Scandium extractants for recovery from laterite leach liquors, titanium processing residues and red mud streams where scandium is present at low concentration.

Scandium work starts from the feed assay and the main impurity pairs, since concentration steps drive most of the cost.

Vanadium extractants for acidic leach solutions, vanadium-bearing slag leach liquors and spent catalyst recovery streams.

Vanadium oxidation state and acidity determine which reagent and strip route apply, so both are needed for a recommendation.

Rare earth extractants for grouping and single-element separation in chloride and sulphate systems, from mixed rare earth feed to polishing stages.

Grouping and separation stages are specified from the element distribution and the number of separation stages available.